*Corresponding Author:
John Yi Jiang,
New Zealand Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
Tel: +86 13880369322, 17313173618
Email: acucentre965@gmail.com; pengchengchengdu@126.com; peixjin@163.com; 514229689@qq.com
Received Date: Oct 12, 2017
Accepted Date: Nov 14, 2017
Published Date: Nov 29, 2017
Abstract
The application of Traditional Chinese Medicine in New Zealand began in the 1970s and has been gradually accepted by the public for more than forty years. Tertiary education courses, including undergraduate degree of Chinese medicine and master’s degree of acupuncture have been available in New Zealand. The clinical application of Traditional Chinese Medicines is mainly in the Chinese community. More and more people including European and other ethnic groups are willing to try Traditional Chinese Medicines.
As the closest country to the South Pole in the world, New Zealand is surrounded by sea and its geographical location is closed and unique, with its unique biological species.
New Zealand’s natural medical resources contain plants, animals and minerals, of which the plant medicines are the most. Very little knowledge of mineral medicines has been known.
Although New Zealand is rich in natural resources, such as honey, velvet antler and dairy products, little systematic research on them has been done. Our work on the natural resources of Chinese medicines and their medicinal properties based on Chinese medicine theory is the initial step in New Zealand.
Approach of Research
Our study sources from “People’s Republic of China Pharmaco- poeia” 《中华人民共和国药典》 (2015 edition), “Chinese Materia Medica”《中华本草》, “Chinese Medicine Resources Aspirations”《中国中药资源志要》, “Chinese Ethnic Medicines Records”《中国民族药志要》, “Genuine Materia Medica of China”《中华道地药材》 and “Identification Maps of Wild Plants of Chinese Medicines “ 《中草药野外识别图谱》.
The information about natural resources in New Zealand comes from the following three sources: 1. written information in “Plant Heritage New Zealand”, “Common Weeds of New Zealand”, “The Col- lins Field Guide to New Zealand Wildlife”, “New Zealand Seaweed”. 2. New Zealand authoritative plant website www.nzpcn.org.nz, New Zealand authoritative animal and mineral websites www.doc.govt. nz, www.newzealand.com and www.gns.cri.nz, and a private compa- ny website www.kgl.co.nz/ourfarm.htm1. 3. The herbal plants which have been grown and used by New Zealand residents.
All available information about the genera and species of the nat- ural plant medicines, mineral medicines and animal medicines which are the same as genera with Chinese medicines would be searched, collated and compared. Then we summarize their medicinal proper- ties and functions based on theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Results
252 kinds of natural Chinese medicines have been identified in New Zealand, including 228 species of plants, which belong to 93 families, 207 genera and 19 species of animals and 5 kinds of minerals.
Nearly all 228 Chinese medicinal plants in New Zealand are exotic and mainly herbaceous, except that the origins of Undaria pinnatifida, Ganoderma lucidum and Psilotum nudum need to be further researched.
In addition, there are 1,587 different species of plants which belong to the same genera as Chinese medicinal plants in New Zealand.
Overview of Natural Chinese Medicinal Resources and their Properties
Overview of Herbal Medicines
Exterior-releasing Herbs:
- Cheng Liu (Tamarix chinensis, 柽柳), sweet, acrid, neutral; Release the rash; remove the wind and dampness
- Yan Sui (Coriandrum sativum, 芫荽), acrid, warm; Release the rash; dissolves food and conducts stagnation; relieve the pain and detoxification
- Xing Cai (Nymphoides peltata, 莕菜), acrid, sweet, cold; inducing sweating and release the rash, inducing diuresis, clearing heat and removing toxins
- Xiang Ru (Elsholtzia flava, 香薷), acrid, slightly warm; inducing sweating, removing dampness and inducing dieresis
- Mu Zie (Equisetum hyemale, 木贼), sweet, bitter, neutral; removing wind and heat, improving vision and removing nebula
- Jin Jie (Nepeta cataria, 荆芥), acrid, cool; removing wind and heat, promoting blood circulation and stopping bleeding
- Mi Die Xiang (Rosmarinus officinalis, 迷迭香), acrid, warm; inducing sweating, reinforcing the spleen, tranquilizing the mind and alleviate pain
- Liu Lan Xiang (Mentha spicata subsp. Spicata, 留兰香), acrid, slightly warm; resolving exterior, normalizing the function of the stomach and spleen and regulating vital energy
- Niu Zhi (Origanum vulgare, 牛至), acrid, slightly bitter, cool; resolving exterior, regulating vital energy, clearing summer heat and removing dampness
- Fen Ge (Pueraria lobata, 粉葛), sweet, acrid, cool; releasing muscles and clearing heat, nourishing fluids and alleviating thirst, encouraging rash of measles to surface, alleviating diarrhea
- Ye Ge (Pueraria lobata, 野葛), sweet, acrid, cool; releasing muscles and clearing heat, nourishing fluids and alleviating thirst, encouraging rash of measles to surface, alleviating diarrhea
- Luo Le (Ocimum basilicum, 罗勒)，acrid, sweet, warm; dispelling mild wind, resolving exterior, removing dampness and normalizing the function of stomach and spleen, promoting Qi and blood circulation, detoxification and removing swelling
- Duan Ye Shui Wu Gong (Kyllinga brevifolia, 短叶水蜈蚣), acrid, slightly bitter, sweet, neutral; dispelling mild wind, resolving exterior, clearing heat and dampness, promoting blood circulation and detoxification
- Da Piao (Pistia stratiotes, 大薸), acrid, cold; dispelling mild wind, encouraging rash of measles to surface, cooling blood and promoting blood circulation
- Niu Bang (Arctium lappa, 牛蒡), acrid, bitter, cold; clearing wind and heat, dispersing lung qi and exposing the exthanthema, detoxicate and relieving sore throat
Heat-clearing Herbs:
- Ye Xiang Niu (Vernonia cinerea, 夜香牛), bitter, acrid, cool; removing wind and heat, removing dampness and toxins
- Yu Xing Cao (Houttuynia cordata, 鱼腥草), acrid, slightly cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, treating boils and discharging pus, inducing dieresis
- Wu Shui Ge (Pouzolzia zeylanica雾水葛), sweet, tasteless, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing swelling and discharging pus, inducing dieresis
- Jin Qiao Mai (Fagopyrum dibotrys, 金荞麦), slightly acrid, astringent, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins, discharging pus and removing blood stasis
- Zhou Ye Suan Mo (Rumex crispus, 皱叶酸模)，bitter, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, relaxing bowels and destroying intestinal worms
- Ma Chi Xian (Portulaca oleracea, 马齿苋), sour, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, relaxing bowels and relieving dysentery
- Shi Long Rui (Ranunculus sceleratus, 石龙芮), bitter, acrid, cold, poison; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing swelling and stasis, relieving pain and preventing attack of malaria
- Nan Tian Zhu (Nandina domestica, 南天竹), bitter, cold, little poison; clearing heat and removing toxins, relieving coughing, removing dampness
- Xue Shui Cao (Eomecon chionantha, 血水草)，bitter, cold, little poison; clearing heat and removing toxins, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, stopping bleeding
- She Mei (Duchesnea indica, 蛇莓)，sweet, bitter, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis and swelling
- Bai Hua Cao Mu Xi (Melilotus albus, 白花草木犀)，bitter, acrid, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins, calming stomach and relieving dampness
- Tian Zhu Kui (Pelargonium ×hortorum, 天竺葵)，bitter, astringent, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing dampness, eliminating edema, reducing inflammation and destroying intestinal worms
- Han Jin Lian (Tropaeolum majus, 旱金莲)，acrid, sour, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins, cooling blood and stopping bleeding
- Fei Yang Cao (Euphorbia hirta, 飞扬草)，acrid, sour, cool, little poison; clearing heat and removing toxins, promoting lactation, removing dampness and itching
- Ban Di Jin (Euphorbia maculate, 斑地锦)，acrid, neutral; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing dampness, curing jaundice, cooling blood and stopping bleeding
- Tong Ma (Abutilon theophrasti, 茼麻)，bitter, neutral; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing dampness and removing nebula
- Mu Fu Rong (Hibiscus mutabilis, 木芙蓉)，acrid, slightly bitter, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, removing swelling and discharging pus
- Si Ji Hai Tang (Begonia Semperflorens-Cultorum hybrids, 四季海棠)，bitter, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins
- Qian Qu Cai (Lythrum salicaria, 千屈菜)，bitter, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, astringing to stop bleeding
- Ge Lv Zi (Carum carvi, 葛缕子)，acrid, sweet, warm; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing swelling and dampness, nourishing spleen and stimulating the appitite
- Lian Qiao (Forsythia suspense, 连翘)，bitter, slightly cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing swelling and stasis, removing wind and heat
- Ma Li Jin (Asclepias curassavica, 马利筋)，bitter, cold, little poison; clearing heat and removing toxins, promoting blood circulation and stopping bleeding, removing swelling and relieving pain
- Guo Jiang Teng (Phyla nodiflora, 过江藤)，slightly bitter, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins
- Long Kui (Solanum nigrum, 龙葵)，bitter, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, promoting blood circulation and removing swelling
- Wu Zhua Jin Long (Ipomoea cairica, 五爪金龙)，sweet, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, promoting diuresis and stranguria, reliving coughing and expelling hectic fever
- Jia Suan Jiang (Nicandra physalodes, 假酸浆)，sweet, slightly bitter, neutral, little poison; clearing heat and removing toxins, promoting diuresis and stranguria and tranquilizing
- Liu Chuan Yu (Linaria vulgaris, 柳穿鱼)，sweet, slightly bitter, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing blood stasis and swelling
- Mao Rui Hua (Verbascum Thapsus, 毛蕊花)，acrid, bitter, cool, little poison; clearing heat and removing toxins, stopping bleeding and removing blood stasis
- Shui Ku Ma i(Veronica anagallis-aquatica, 水苦荬)，bitter, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins, promoting blood circulation and stopping bleeding
- Zhu Yang Yang (Galium aparine, 猪殃殃)，acrid, slightly bitter, slightly cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, promoting diuresis and stranguria, removing swelling and relieving pain
- Peng Zi Cai (Galium verum, 蓬子菜)，slightly acrid, bitter, slightly cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, removing wind and relieving itching
- Ren Dong (Lonicera japonica, 忍冬)，sweet, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing wind and heat
- Wan Shou Ju (Tagetes erecta, 万寿菊)，bitter, slightly acrid, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins, resoving phlegm and stopping coughing
- Bai Hua Gui Zhen Cao (Bidens pilosa, 白花鬼针草)，sweet, slightly bitter, neutral ; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing dampness and curing jaundice
- Xiang Si Cao (Conyza bonariensis, 香丝草)，bitter, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing dampness, relieving pain and stopping bleeding
- Niu Xi Ju (Galinsoga parviflora, 牛膝菊)，tasteless, neutral; clearing heat and removing toxins, relieving coughing and asthma, stopping bleeding
- Ju Mai Cai (Sonchus arvensis, 苣荬菜)，bitter, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, removing dampness and discharging pus, cooling blood and stopping bleeding
- Ku Ju Cai (Sonchus oleraceus, 苦苣菜)，bitter, cold; clearing heat and removing toxins, cooling blood and stopping bleeding
- Li (Chenopodium album, 藜)，sweet, bitter, little poison; clearing heat and dampness, detoxicate and removing swelling, destroying intestinal worms and relieving itching
- Di Fu (Kochia scoparia, 地肤)，acrid, bitter, cold; clearing heat and dampness, removing wind and relieving itching
- Zi Mo Li (Mirabilis jalapa, 紫茉莉)，sweet, tasteless, slightly cold; clearing heat and dampness, detoxicate and promoting blood circulation
- Ping Zhi Xun Zi (Cotoneaster horizontalis, 平枝栒子)，sour, astringent, cool; clearing heat and dampness, resoving phlegm and stopping coughing, stopping bleeding and relieving pain
- Zuo Jiang Cao (Oxalis corniculata subsp. Corniculata, 酢浆草), sour, cold; clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood and removing blood stasis, detoxicate and removing swelling; root: calming liver and arresting convulsion
- Hong Hui Tie Xian Cai (Acalypha hispida, 红穗铁苋菜)，sweet, astringent, cool; clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, removing swelling and detoxicate
- Mu Jin (Hibiscus syriaceus, 木槿)，sweet , bitter, cool; clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood and detoxicate, destroying intestinal worms and relieving itching
- Ji Xue Cao (Centella asiatica, 积雪草)，bitter, acrid, cold ; clearing heat and dampness, detoxicate and removing swelling
- Bai Bei Huang Hua Nian (Sida rhombifolia, 白背黄花稔)，sweet, acrid, cool; clearing heat and dampness, detoxicate and removing swelling, promoting granulation and discharging pus
- Yuan Ye Jie Jie Cai (Rotala rotundifolia, 圆叶节节菜)，sweet, tasteless, cool; clearing heat and dampness, removing swelling and detoxicate
- Xiao La Shu (Ligustrum sinense, 小蜡树)，bitter, cool; clearing heat and dampness, removing swelling and detoxicate
- Ma Ti Jin (Dichondra micrantha, 马蹄金)，bitter, acrid, cool; clearing heat and dampness, detoxicate
- Shui Fei Ji (Silybum marianum, 水飞蓟)，bitter, cool; clearing heat and dampness, dispersing stagnated liver Qi for promoting bile flow
- Xiang Ri Kui (Helianthus annuus, 向日葵)，sweet, tasteless, slightly cold; clearing heat and dampness, promoting Qi and relieving pain
- Xuan Cao (Hemerocallis fulva, 萱草)，sweet, cool; clearing heat and dampness, relieving the chest stuffiness and alleviating mental depression
- Shi Diao Bai (Asparagus officinalis, 石刁柏)，slightly sweet, neutral; clearing heat and dampness, promoting blood circulation and removing stasis
- Niu Jin Cao (Eleusine indica, 牛筋草)，sweet, tasteless, cool; clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood and detoxicate
- Gou Wei Cao (Setaria viridis, 狗尾草)，sweet, tasteless, cool; clearing heat and dampness, removing wind, improving vision, detoxicate and destroying intestinal worms
- Chou Chun (Ailanthus altissima, 臭椿)，skin: bitter, astringent, cold; fruit: bitter, astringent, cool; leave: bitter, cool; clearing heat and dampness, astringing to arrest leucorrhea, relieving diarrhea and dysentery, stopping bleeding
- Ye Kui (Malva verticillata, 野葵)，sweet, astringent, cool; clearing heat and inducing diuresis, removing swelling, promoting lactation
- Tong Tuo Mu (Tetrapanax papyriferus, 通脱木)，sweet, tasteless, slightly cold; clearing heat and inducing diuresis, promoting Qi and lactation
- Che Qian (Plantago aristata, 车前)，sweet, cold; clearing heat and inducing diuresis, promoting stranguria, resovling phlegm, cooling blood and detoxicate
- Da Che Qian (Plantago major, 大车前)，sweet, cold; clearing heat and inducing diuresis, promoting stranguria, resovling phlegm, cooling blood and detoxicate
- Kong Xin Lian Zi Cao (Alternanthera philoxeroides, 空心莲子草) ，bitter, sweet, cold; clearing heat and cooling the blood, detoxicate and promoting dieresis
- Zi Mu Xu (Medicago sativa, 紫苜蓿)，bitter, astringent, slightly sweet, neutral; clearing heat and cooling the blood, removing dampness and curing jaundice, promoting stranguria and removing urinary calculus
- Bai Che Zhou Cao (Trifolium repens, 白车轴草)，slightly sweet, cool; clearing heat and cooling the blood, calming the mind
- Ju Yu (Helianthus tuberosus, 菊芋)，sweet, slightly bitter, cool; clearing heat and cooling the blood, removing swelling
- Dao Ti Hu (Cynoglossum amabile, 倒提壶)，root: bitter, neutral; aboveground: bitter, cool; clearing heat, curing deficiency, inducing dampness, clearing lung and resoving phlegm, removing blood stasis and stop bleeding
- Ma Yin Dan (Lantana camara var. aculeate, 马缨丹)，root: bitter, cold; leaf: acrid, bitter, cool, poison; flower: bitter, slightly sweet, cool, poison; clearing heat, detoxicate and removing stasis, removing wind and relieving itching, stopping bleeding
- Ning Xia Gou Qi (Lycium barbarum, 宁夏枸杞)，fruit: sweet, neutral; root: sweet, cold; clearing heat and expelling hectic fever, clearing lung and fire
- Fo Shou Gua (Sechium edule, 佛手瓜)，sweet, cool; clearing heat, removing swelling, nourishing spleen and removing food retention, promoting Qi and relieving pain
- Jun Qian Zi (Diospyros lotus, 君迁子)，sweet, astringent, cool; clearing heat, relieving thirst
- Lu Zhu (Arundo donax, 芦竹)，bitter, sweet, cold; clearing heat and fire, promoting the secretion of saliva or body fluid and relieving restlessness, inducing dieresis
- Dan Zhu (Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, 淡竹) sweet, slightly cold; clearing heat and resoving phlegm, relieving restlessness and stopping vomiting
- Dou Ban Cai (Nasturtium officinale, 豆瓣菜)，sweet, tasteless, cool; clearing lung, cooling blood, inducing diuresis and detoxicate
- Ji Dan Guo (Passiflora edulis, 鸡蛋果)，sweet, sour, neural; clearing lung and moistening dryness, tranquilization and relieving pain, regulating blood and relieving dysentery
- Deng Xin Cao (Juncus effusus var. compactus, 灯心草)，sweet, tasteless, slightly cold; clearing heart-fire, treating diarrhea
- Ju Ju (Cichorium intybus, 菊苣)，slightly bitter, salty, cool; clearing liver and gallbladder, tonifying stomach and removing foof retention, inducing diuresis and relieving swelling
- Cui Ju (Callistephus chinensis, 翠菊)，slightly bitter, cold; clearing liver and improving vision
- Xia Ku Cao (Prunella vulgaris, 夏枯草)，bitter, acrid, cold; clearing liver and heat, improving vision, removing stasis and detoxicate
- Ji (Capsella bursa-pastoris, 荠)，sweet, tasteless, cool; clearing liver and cooling blood, calming liver and improving vision, clearing heat and dampness
- Xi Ming (Thlaspi arvense, 菥蓂)，acrid, slightly cold; clearing liver and improving vision, regulating stomach and removing dampness, detoxicate and removing swelling
- Feng Yan Lan (Eichhornia crassipes, 凤眼蓝)，acrid, tasteless, cold; clearing wind and heat, promoting diuresis and stranguria, detoxicate
- Hu Er Cao (Saxifraga stolonifera, 虎耳草)，acrid, bitter, cold, little poison; clearing wind and heat, detoxicate, cooling blood
- Huang Hua Hao (Artemisia annua, 黄花蒿)，bitter, acrid, cold; clearing asthenia heat and hectic fever, clearing summer heat, preventing attack of malaria and curing jaundice
- La Mei (Chimonanthus praecox, 蜡梅)，acrid, sweet, slightly bitter, cool, little poison; clearing summer heat, promoting Qi and alleviating mental depression
- Xiu Qiu (Hydrangea macrophylla, 绣球)，bitter, slightly acrid, cold, little poison; preventing attack of malaria, clearing heat, detoxicate and destroying intestinal worms
- Chang Chun Hua (Catharanthus roseus, 长春花)，bitter, cold, poison; detoxicate, preventing cancer, clearing heat and calming liver
- Hai Zao (sargassum, 海藻)，Salty, cold; softening hard stasis and removing stasis
Purging Herbs:
- Da Ma (Cannabis sativa, 大麻)，sweet, neutral; moistening the bowels to relieve constipation
- Ou Li (Cerasus humilis, 欧李)，acrid, bitter, sweet, neutral; moistening the bowels to relieve constipation and removing water retention
- Qiao Mai (Fagopyrum esculentum, 荞麦)，sweet, slightly sour, cold; stimulating appetite to relax intestines, downward Qi and eliminating stagnated food, removing toxins and promoting wound healing
Wind-damp Dispelling Herbs:
- Chui Sui Shi Song (Palhinhaea cernua, 垂穗石松)，slightly bitter, acrid, warm; expeling wind and dampness, soothing tendons, activating collaterals and relieving cough
- Song Ye Jue (Psilotum nudum, 松叶蕨)，acrid, warm; expeling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation and stop bleeding
- Wu Gong Cao (Pteris vittata, 蜈蚣草)，tasteless, bitter, cool; expeling wind and dampness, soothing tendons, activating collaterals, removing toxins and destroying intestinal parasites
- Shan Mu (Cunninghamia lanceolata, 杉木)，acrid, slightly warm; expeling wind and dampness, promoting Qi, relieving pain, treating trauma and fracture
- Chui Liu (Salix babylonica, 垂柳)，bitter, cold; expeling wind and dampness, removing toxins and diminishing swelling
- Xue Li (Ficus pumila, 薜荔)，sour, cool; expeling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation, activating collaterals, removing toxins and diminishing swelling
- Tu Jin Jie (Dysphania ambrosioides, 土荆芥)，acrid, bitter, slightly warm, strong poison; expeling wind and dampness, destroying intestinal parasites, promoting blood circulation and diminishing swelling
- Mu Tong (Akebia , 木通), bitter, neutral; expeling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation and Qi, inducing diuresis and removing toxins
- Yun Shi (Caesalpinia decapetala, 云实), 苦、辛、平, 祛风除湿， 解毒消肿bitter, acrid, neutral; expeling wind and dampness, removing toxins and diminishing swelling
- Nan She Teng (Celastrus orbiculatus, 南蛇藤), bitter, acrid, warm; expelling wind and dampness, regulating menstruation, relieving pain, promoting blood circulation and removing toxins
- Hou Teng (Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. Brasiliensis, 厚藤), acrid, bitter, slightly cold; expeling wind and dampness, eliminating carbuncles and removing stasis
- Xi Fan Lian (Passiflora caerulea, 西番莲), bitter, warm; expelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain
- Dou Ban Lv (Peperomia tetraphylla, 豆瓣绿), acrid, bitter, slightly warm ; soothing tendons, activating collaterals, removing wind and dampness, resolving phlegm and stopping coughing
- Mang Niu Er Miao (Erodium botrys, 牻牛儿苗), acrid, bitter, neutral; removing wind and dampness, activating meridians, relieving diarrhea and dysentery
- He Hua Yu Lan (Magnolia grandiflora, 荷花玉兰), acrid, warm; removing wind and cold, promoting Qi and relieving pain
- Zhang (Cinnamomum camphora, 樟), acrid, warm; removing wind and cold, warm stomach and promoting Qi, promoting blood circulation and activating meridians
- Li Tang Hua (Kerria japonica, 隶棠花), astringent, slightly bitter, neutral, removing wind and relieving pain, detoxicate and removing swelling
- Di Jin (Parthenocissus tricuspidata, 地锦), acrid, slightly astringent, warm; removing wind and relieving pain, promoting blood circulation and activating meridians
- Tian Xuan Hua (Convolvulus arvensis, 田旋花), acrid, warm, poison; removing wind and relieving pain, relieving itching
- Pu Shu (Celtis sinensis, 朴树),acrid, bitter, neutral; removing wind, exposing exthanthema
- Qi (Achillea millefolium, 蓍), acrid, slightly bitter, cool, poison; removing wind, promoting blood circulation, detoxicate and relieving pain
- Fei Lian (Carduus nutans, 飞廉), bitter, neutral; removing wind, clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, promoting blood circulation and removing swelling
- Tie Geng Hai Tang (Chaenomeles speciosa, 贴梗海棠), sour, warm; relaxing muscles, stimulating blood circulation and meridians, calming stomach and relieving dampness
Damp-clearing Herbs:
- Yi Yi (Coix lachryma-jobi, 薏苡)，sweet, tasteless, cool; removing dampness, promoting diuresis, invigorating spleen to arrest diarrhea, discharging pus and detoxicate and dissolving a mass
- Ba Qi (Smilax china, 菝葜)，sweet, slightly bitter, astringent, neutral; removing dampness, removing wind and stasis, detoxicate and removing blood stasis
- Bian Xu (Polygonum aviculare, 萹蓄)，bitter, slightly cold; promoting diuresis, freeing strangury, removing internal worms and relieving itching
- Xi Jian Liao (Polygonum plebeium, 习见蓼)，bitter, slightly cold; promoting diuresis, freeing strangury, clearing heat and dampness, removing internal worms and relieving itching
- Chui Xu Shang Lu (Phytolacca americana, 垂序商陆)，bitter, cold, poison; removing dampness and swelling, promoting urination and defecation
- Jia Zhu Tao (Nerium oleander, 夹竹桃)，bitter, cold, strong poison; strengthening heart, promoting diuresis, removing phlegm and asthma, relieving pain and removing blood stasis
- Zi Teng (Wisteria sinensis，紫藤)，sweet, bitter, warm, little poison; removing dampness and stasis, removing internal worms
- Ju Hao (Tanacetum vulgare，菊蒿)，sour, neutral; normalizing gallbladder to cure jaundice
Warming Interior Herbs:
- Hui Xiang (Foeniculum vulgare，茴香)，fruit: acrid, warm; root, stem leaf: acrid, sweet, warm; removing cold to relieve pain, regulating Qi and normalizing stomach, promoting Qi and removing internal worms
- La Jiao (Capsicum annuum，辣椒)，fruit: acrid, hot; stem: acrid, sweet, hot; leaf: bitter, warm; root: acrid, sweet, hot; warming stomach, relieving cold, stimulating the appitite to remove food retention, promoting blood circulation and removing stasis, removing internal worms and relieving itching
- Hu Luo Bo (Daucus carota，胡萝卜)，sweet, acrid, neutral; strengthening spleen and normalizing function of stomach, nourishing liver to improve vision, reducing phlegm, stopping coughing, clearing heat and toxins
- Yu Mi (Zea mays，玉米)，sweet, neutral; stimulating the appetite, promoting diuresis and removing swelling
Qi-regulating Herbs:
- Suo Cao (Cyperus rotundus，莎草)，acrid, slightly bitter, slightly sweet, neutral; dispersing stagnated liver Qi for relieving Qi stagnation, regulating Qi flowing, alleviating middle energizer, regulating menstrual and relieving pain
- Ji Zhua Qi (Acer palmatum，鸡爪槭)，acrid, slightly bitter, neutral; promoting Qi to relieve pain, removing toxins and eliminating carbuncles
- Li Zhi (Litchi chinensis，荔枝)，sweet, slightly bitter, warm; promoting Qi, removing stasis, removing cold to relieve pain, nourishing blood and tonifying spleen
- You Tong (Vernicia fordii，油桐)，sweet, slightly acrid, cold, poison; downward Qi, eliminating food retention, promoting diuresis, reducing phlegm and removing internal worms
- Xing (Prunus armeniaca，杏)，bitter, slightly warm, little poison; downward Qi, stopping coughing and asthma, loosening bowels to relieve constipation
Digestant Herbs:
- Pi Jiu Hua (Humulus lupulus var. lupulus，啤酒花)，bitter, slightly cool; invigorating stomach to promote digestion, promoting diuresis and relieving uneasiness of mind and body tranquilization
- Wu Hua Guo (Ficus carica，无花果)，sweet, cool; invigorating stomach, promoting bower movement, removing swelling and toxins
- Luo Bo (Raphanus sativus，萝卜)，acrid, sweet, neutral; promoting digestion, removing flatulence, calming the adverse-rising energy and reducing phlegm
- Yi Nian Peng (Artemisia annua，一年蓬)，sweet, bitter, cool; promoting digestion, arresting diarrhea, clearing heat and toxins, preventing attack of malaria
- Fan Shi Liu (Psidium guajava，番石榴)，bitter, astringent, neutral; tonifying spleen, removing food stagnation, relieving diarrhea with astringents, relieving pain and promoting wound healing
Herbal Insecticides:
- Lian (Melia azedarach，楝)，bitter, cold, poison; removing internal worms, clearing away heat and dampness
- Ye Hu Luo Bo (Daucus carota，野胡萝卜)，bitter, acrid, neutral, little poison; fruit: removing internal worms and food retention
Stop Bleeding Herbs:
- Wen Jin (Equisetum arvense，问荆)，sweet, bitter, neutral; stopping bleeding, promoting diuresis and promoting vision
- Ci Huai (Robinia pseudoacacia，刺槐)，sweet, neutral; stopping bleeding
- Kuan Ye Xiang Pu (Typha latifolia，宽叶香蒲)，sweet, neutral; stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis and freeing strangury
- Jin Xian Cao (Antenoron filiforme，金线草)，acrid, bitter, cool; cooling blood, stopping bleeding, clearing away heat and dampness, removing stasis and relieving pain
- Shan Cha (Camellia japonica，山茶)，sweet, bitter, acrid, cool; cooling blood, stopping bleeding, removing stasis and swelling
- Luo Di Sheng Gen (Chaenomeles speciosa，落地生根)，bitter, sour, cold; cooling blood, stopping bleeding, clearing away heat and toxins
- Hong Zi Zhu (Callicarpa rubella，红紫珠)，slightly bitter, cool; cooling blood, stopping bleeding, clearing away toxins and removing swelling
- Bai Mao (Imperata cylindrica var. major，白茅), sweet, cold; cooling blood, stopping bleeding, clearing away heat and promoting diuresis
- Guan Ye Lian Qiao (Hypericum perforatum，贯叶连翘)，bitter, astringent, neutral; astringing to stop bleeding, regulating menstruation, promoting lactation, clearing heat and toxins and removing dampness
- Zong Lv (Trachycarpus fortunei，棕榈)，bitter, astringent, neutral; astringing to stop bleeding
- Bai Ji (Bletilla striata，白及)，bitter, sweet, astringent, slightly cold; astringing to stop bleeding, removing swelling and promoting granulation
- Yi Pin Hong (Euphorbia pulcherrima，一品红)，bitter, astringent, cool, poison; regulating menstruation to stop bleeding, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain
- Ye Qi Shu (Toxicodendron succedaneum，野漆树)，leaf: bitter, astringent, neutral, little poison; root: bitter, cold, little poison; removing blood stasis and toxins
Promoting Blood Circulation Herbs:
- Yin Xing (Ginkgo biloba，银杏)，sweet, bitter, astringent, neutral, poison; promoting blood circulation and relieving blood stasis, activating meridians, relieving pain, astringing lung to relieve asthma, eliminating dampness and reducing blood fat
- Tao (Prunus persica，桃)，bitter, sweet, neutral; promoting blood circulation and relieving blood stasis, lubricating the bowels to relieve constipation
- Ma Bian Cao (Verbena officinalis，马鞭草)，bitter, cool; promoting blood circulation and relieving blood stasis, removing toxins, dispelling fluid retention, treating jaundice and preventing attack of malaria
- Jin Zhan Hua (Calendula officinalis，金盏花)，slightly bitter, neutral; promoting blood circulation and relieving blood stasis, promoting Qi circulation and relieving pain
- Shui Qie (Solanum torvum，水茄)，acrid, neutral, little poison; removing blood stasis, regulating menstruation, eliminating edema, relieving pain, stopping coughing
- Dong Qing Wei Mao (Euonymus japonicus，冬青卫矛)，acrid, bitter, warm; promoting blood circulation to regulate menstruation, removing toxins, subsiding edema and stop bleeding
- Yue Xian Cao (Oenothera biennis，月见草)，bitter, slightly acrid, slightly cold; promoting blood circulation, regulating menstruation, calming the liver to check endogenous wind, eliminating edema
- Hong Hua (Carthamus tinctorius，红花)，acrid, warm; promoting blood circulation to regulate menstruation, removing blood stasis and relieving pain
- Shi Li (Aleurites moluccana，石栗)，sweet, cold, little poison; seed: promoting blood circulation, lubricating the bowels; leaf: promoting blood
- Feng Xian Hua (Impatiens balsamina，凤仙花)，acrid, slightly bitter, warm, little poison; removing blood stasis, softening hard masses and removing food retention
- Si Gua (Luffa cylindrica，丝瓜)，sweet, neutral; promoting blood circulation, lubricating the bowels and subsiding edema
- Zang Hong Hua (Crocus sativus ，藏红花), sweet, neutral; promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis and relieving pain
Resolving Phlegm and Relieving Cough and Asthma Herbs:
- Ba Jiao Jin Pan (Fatsia japonica，八角金盘) ，acrid, bitter, warm, little poison; resolving phlegm and relieving cough, removing wind and dampness, removing blood stasis and relieving pain
- Diao Lan (Chlorophytum comosum，吊兰)，sweet, slightly bitter, cool; resolving phlegm and relieving cough, removing blood stasis, clearing heat and removing toxins
- Mao Lian Cai (Picris hieracioides，毛连菜)，bitter, salty, slightly warm; relieving cough, resolving phlegm and asthma and relieving stuffiness in the chest
- Man Tuo Luo (Datura stramonium，曼陀罗)，acrid, warm, poison; relieving cough and asthma, relieving pain
- Pi Pa (Eriobotrya japonica，枇杷)，bitter, slightly cold; clearing lung, relieving cough, calming adverse-rising energy and stop vomiting
- Pao Zhang Hua (Pyrostegia venusta，炮仗花)，flower: sweet, neutral; leaf: bitter, slightly astringent, neutral; moistening lung, relieving cough, clearing heat and relieving sore throat
- Kuan Dong (Tussilago farfara，款冬)，acrid, slightly bitter, warm; moistening lung, resolving phlegm and relieving cough
- Bo Niang Hao (Descurainia sophia，播娘蒿)，acrid, bitter, strong cold; clearing lung, relieving asthma, promoting water circulation and removing swelling
- Cao Mu Xi (Melilotus officinalis，草木犀)，slightly sweet, neutral; relieving cough and asthma, removing stasis and relieving pain
- Kun Bu (Ecklonia kurome, 昆布), Salty; softening hard masses, removing stasis, resolving phlegm and dispelling fluid retention
Mind-easing Herbs:
- He Huan (Albizia julibrissin，合欢)，sweet, neutral; alleviating mental depression, relieving uneasiness of mind and body tranquilization, promoting blood circulation and removing swelling
Calming Liver to Stop Endogenous Wind Herbs:
- Cong Lian (Zephyranthes candida，葱莲)，sweet, neutral; calming liver to stop the wind
- Ya Ma (Linum usitatissimum，亚麻)，acrid, sweet, neutral; calming liver and promoting blood circulation
- Ji Li (Tribulus terrestris，蒺藜)，acrid, bitter, slightly warm, little poison; calming liver, alleviating mental depression, promoting blood circulation, dispelling wind, promoting vision and relieving itching
Tonifying Deficiency Herbs:
- Nv Zhen (Ligustrum lucidum，女贞)，sweet, bitter, cool; nourishing liver and kidney, promoting vision and black hair
- Sha Zao (Elaeagnus angustifolia var. orientalis，沙枣)，sour, slightly sweet, cool; nourishing liver, tonifying kidney, tonifying spleen and regulating menstrual
- Fu Fang Teng (Euonymus fortunei，扶芳藤)，sweet, bitter, slightly acrid, warm; tonifying kidney, strengthening loins, relaxing muscles, stimulating blood circulation, stopping bleeding and removing blood stasis
- Luo Kui Shu (Anredera cordifolia，落葵薯), bitter, warm; tonifying kidney, strengthening loins, removing blood stasis and relieving swelling
- Tu Mu Xiang (Inula helenium，土木香)，acrid, bitter, warm; tonifying spleen, regulating stomach, promoting Qi circulation to relieve pain and preventing abortion
- Yu (Colocasia esculenta，芋)，sweet, acrid, neutral; reinforcing spleen and deficiency, removing stasis and toxins
- Xiao Mai (Triticum aestivum，小麦) ，sweet, cool; nourishing heart, tonifying kidney, relieving restlessness and thirst
- Juan Dan (Lilium lancifolium，卷丹)，sweet, slightly bitter, slightly cold; nourishing yin, mositurizing lung, clearing away heart-fire and relieving uneasiness of mind and body tranquilization
- Li Meng (Citrus limon，黎檬)，sour, sweet, cool; producing saliva, slaking thirst, clearing summer heat and preventing abortion
- Chi Zhi (Ganoderma ，赤芝)，sweet, neutral; tonifying Qi for tranquilization, relieving cough and asthma
- Tu Ren Shen (Talinum paniculatum，土人参)，sweet, tasteless, neutral; tonifying Qi, mositurizing lung, relieving cough and regulating menstrual
- Pu Tao (Vitis vinifera，葡萄)，sweet, sour, neutral; tonifying Qi and blood, strengthen bones and muscles, treating diarrhea, expelling wind, stimulating circulation and removing toxins
- Lu Bian Qing (Geum aleppicum，路边青)，sweet, slightly bitter, cool; replenishing Qi, invigorating spleen, relenishing blood, nourishing Yin, moistening lung and eliminating phlegm
- Xuan Hua (Calystegia sepium subsp. Roseata，旋花)，flower: sweet, warm; stem, leaf: sweet, slightly bitter, neutral; root: sweet, slightly bitter, warm; replenishing Qi, curing deficiency, promoting reunion of fractured bones, detoxicating and destroying intestinal worms
- Gou Shu (Broussonetia papyrifera，构树)，sweet, cold; tonifying kidney, clearing liver, promoting vision and diuresis
- Hu Tao (Juglans regia，胡桃)，acrid, sweet, warm; arresting diarrhea, relieving pain and black hair
- Jiu Cai (Allium tuberosum, 韭菜)，Acrid, warm; nourishing kidney, strengthening stomach, energizing and stopping sweating
- Ren Shen (Panax ginseng，人参)，Sweet, slightly bitter, warm; powerfully tonifies original Qi, tonifies lungs and benefits Qi, strengthening spleen and tonifying stomach and benefit heart Qi and calming the spirit
- Huang Qi (Astragalus membranaceus，黄芪)，Sweet, slightly warm; tonifying spleen and benefiting Qi, stabilizing the exterior and stopping sweating, promoting urination and removing edema, promoting discharge of pus and healing
- Dang Shen (Codonopsis pilosula，党参)，Sweet, neutral; tonifying middle burner and benefiting Qi, tonifying lungs, strengthening Qi and nourishing fluids
- Xi Yang Shen (Panax quinquefolius，西洋参)，Sweet, slightly bitter, cool; tonifying Qi and Yin, clearing heat and nourishing fluids
Astringent Herbs:
- Yin Su (Papaver somniferum subsp. Setigerum，罂粟)，sour, astringent, neutral, poison; astringing lung and intestine to stop diarrhea, relieving pain
Spasmolysis and Analgesia Herbs:
- Dian Qie (Atropa bella-donna，颠茄)，relieving pain, secreto inhibitory, cholinolytic
- TianXian Zi (Hyoscyamus niger，天仙子)，bitter, acrid, warm, strong poison; relieving pain, relieving asthma and relieving uneasiness of mind and body tranquilization
- Bai Qu Cai (Chelidonium majus，白屈菜)，bitter, cool, poison; relieving pain, relieving cough and asthma
Removing Toxicity for Detumescence Herbs:
- Zi Lu Cao (Tradescantia virginiana，紫露草)，tasteless, sweet, cool; removing toxins, removing stasis, inducing dieresis and promoting blood circulation
- Tie Hai Tang (Euphorbia milii var. splendens，铁海棠), bitter, astringent, cool, little poison; removing toxins, promoting blood circulation and dispelling fluid retention
- Da Suan (Allium sativum，大蒜)，acrid, warm; removing toxins, diminishing swelling, destroying intestinal parasites and curing dysentery
- Zhu Sha Gen (Ardisia crenata，朱砂根)，slightly bitter, acrid, neutral; removing the toxins, diminishing swelling, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, expelling wind and dampness
- Bi Ma (Ricinus communis，蓖麻)，sweet, acrid, neutral, poison; diminishing swelling, making diarrhea and removing the stasis
In addition, there are four species of Thalictrum minus, Pinellia pedatisecta, Papaver rhoeas and Undaria pinnatifida Suringar which have not yet been classified.
Animal Medicines:
There are 19 kinds of animal medicines in New Zealand
- Niu Huang（Bovis calculus, 牛黄）：Bitter, cool; clearing heat and removing toxins, expelling wind, relieving pain, resolving phlegm and inducing resuscitation
- Shui Niu Jiao (Bubali, 水牛角)：Bitter, cold, clearing heat and cooling blood, removing toxins and relieving convulsion
- Di Long (Pheretima, 地龙)，Salty, cold; clearing heat, expelling wind, stimulating circulation, relieving asthma, treating diarrhea
- Quan Xie (Scorpio, 全蝎)，acrid, neutral; expelling wind, stimulating circulation, relieving pain and removing poison and stasis
- Hai Ma (Hippocampus, 海马)，Sweet, warm; tonifying kidney, strengthening Yang, relaxing muscles, stimulating blood circulation, relieving pain, relieving uneasiness of mind and body tranquilization and relieving coughing and asthma
- Hai Long (Syngnathus, 海龙)，Sweet, salty, warm; tonifying kidney and strengthening Yang
- Ge Jie (Gecko, 蛤蚧)，Salty, neutral; tonifying lung and kidney, relieving asthma, strengthening Yang and enriching essence
- Wu Gong (Scolopendra, 蜈蚣)，Acrid, warm, poison; expelling wind, removing toxins and stasis, stimulating circulation and relieving pain
- Chan Tui (Cicadae periostracum, 蝉蜕)：Sweet, salty, cool; removing wind and heat, relieving sore-throat, improving vision and removing nebula
- Ji Nei Jin (Gallus gallus domesticus，Meleagris gallopavo，Phasianus colchicus, 鸡内金)：Sweet, neutral; invigorating stomach to promote digestion, astringing spermatorrhea and relieving stranguria and discharge of calculus
- Qing Kou (Perna viridis, 青口): Salty, warm; tonifying liver and kidney, enriching essence and blood, removing brevipapus gall
- Bao (Haliotis iris，Haliotis australis，Haliotis virginea, 鲍) ,Sweet, salty; tonifying deficiency, improving vision, clearing heat and nourishing Yin, nourishing blood and stomach and tonifying liver and kidney
- Mu Li (Saccostrea cucullata, 牡蛎): Salty, slightly cold; suppressing hyperactive liver and subsiding yang, resolving hard lump and astringent
- Gui Jia (Geochelone carbonaria, 龟甲)：Salty, sweet, slightly cold; nourishing Yin and subsiding Yang, tonifying kidney and strengthening bones, nourishing blood and heart, Consolidating menstruation and preventing collapse
- E Jiao (Haematopinus asini, 阿胶)：Sweet, neutral; Nourishing Yin and blood, moisturizing dryness and stopping bleeding
- Wu Ji (Gallus domesticus brisson, 乌鸡)，Sweet, neutral; Nourishing Yin and clearing heat, tonifying liver and kidney, invigorating spleen to arrest diarrhea
- Lu Rong (Dama dama, Cervus elaphus, Cervus canadensis, Cervus unicolor, Cervus timorensis, Cervus Nippon, 鹿茸)：Sweet, salty, warm; strengthening kidney Yang, enriching blood and essence, strengthen bones and muscles, Regulating the thoroughfare and activating the channels and removing sores
- Feng Mi (Honeybees，蜂蜜)：Bitter, acrid, slightly sweet; Antibacterial, beautifying, promoting cell regeneration
- Chan Su (Hannemania bufonis, 蟾酥): Sweet, warm, poison, removing toxins, relieving swelling, strengthening heart and relieving pain
Mineral Medicines:
There are 5 kinds of mineral medicines in New Zealand, they are
- Zhong Ru Shi (Stalactitum, 钟乳石)，Sweet, warm; warming lung, nourishing Yang, relieving asthma and relieving hyperacidity
- Liu Huang (Sulfur, 硫黄), Sour, warm, poison; external use detoxing, chlordime form and treating sores; oral use tonifying fire and Yang, defecation
- Xiong Huang (Realgar, 雄黄)，Acrid, warm; removing toxins and chlordime form, removing dampness and resolving phlegm and preventing attack of malaria
- Zi Shi Ying (Fluoritum, 紫石英)，Sweet, warm, nourishing heart, calming the mind, Reversing Qi and warming uterus
- Zhe Shi (Haematitum, 赭石)，Sweet, neutral; Calming the liver and regulating QI, cooling the blood and stopping bleeding
Discussion
Of all 252 Chinese plant medicines in New Zealand, there are 14 exterior-releasing herbs, accounting for 5.5%; 93 clearing-heat herbs, accounting for 36.9%; 3 purging herbs, accounting for 1.2%; 23 winddamp dispelling herbs, accounting for 9.1%; 8 damp-clearing herbs, accounting for 3.2%; 4 warming interior herbs, accounting for 1.6%; 5 Qi-regulating herbs, accounting for 1.9%; 6 digestant herbs, accounting for 2.4%; 2 insecticides, accounting for 0.8%; 13 stop bleeding herbs, accounting for 5.1%; 12 promoting blood circulation herbs, accounting for 4.8%; 10 resolving phlegm and relieving cough and asthma herbs, accounting for 3.9%; 2 mind-easing herbs, accounting for 0.8%; 8 calming Liver to stop endogenous Wind herbs, accounting for 3.2%; 31 tonifying deficiency herbs, accounting for 12.3%; 1 astringent herbs, accounting for 0.4%; 3 spasmolysis and analgesia herbs, accounting for 1.2%; 8 removing toxicity for detumescence herbs, accounting for 3.2%.
It has been noticed that the most of plant medicines are bitter and cold in nature and a few of them are tonifying herbs and warm herbs. There are 63 kinds of warm herbs, 56 kinds of neutral herbs and 133 kinds of cold and cool herbs. There are a few tonic medicines which are not existing in New Zealand but are commonly used in China, such as Atractylodes macrocephala, Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica sinensis, Cynanchum otophyllum, Aconitum carmichaeli Debx, Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Ephedra sinica Stapf.
In addition, by comparing the second edition of “Science of Chinese Materia Medica” (China’s new century national college of Traditional Chinese medicine), it has also been noticed that there are only 32 kinds of clinical commonly used Chinese medicines in New Zealand, which are Coriandrumsativum L, Tamarix chinensis Lour, Arctium lappa L, Nepeta cataria L, Elsholtzia ciliate, Periostracum Cicadae, Lemna minor, Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Forsythia suspense, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Bostaurus domesticus Gmelin, Phytolacca acinosa Roxb, Sanguisorba officinalis L, Cirsium setosum, Bletilla striata, Ecklonia kurome, Crocus sativus, Eriobotrya japonica , Albizia julibrissin Durazz, Tribulus terrestris L, G. lucidum·karst, Haliotis iris,Pheretima, Scorpio, Panax ginseng, Codonopsis pilosula, Panax quinquefolius, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, honey, Cervus unicolor, Gecko and Haematopinus asini.
The authors believe that the existing Traditional Chinese medicines in New Zealand basically cover all categories of Traditional Chinese medicines, which could basically meet clinical needs of common exogenous affections and rheumatic diseases. It could be restricted to help critical and difficult conditions due to lack of tonic and warming herbs.
Considering that there are 1,587 species of natural plants which belong to the same genera of Chinese ones and need to be studied in depth, the most New Zealand plants are native and endemic, and also a large number of unique marine algae have not been studied, developed and utilized for medical application, it could be expected that new and more natural resources of Chinese medicines will be explored in the unique geographical environment of New Zealand.
References
- Murdoch Riley (2003) “Maori Healing and Herbal”. Viking Sevenseas, New Zealand.
- Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (2011) “People’s Republic of China Pharmacopoeia”（《中国人民共和国药典》）. Chemical Industry Press, Beijing Shi, China.
- Chinese Herbalism Editorial Board (1999) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People Republic of China “Chinese Materia Medica” （《中华本草》）. Shanghai Science Publishing House 533.
- Chinese Medicinal Materials Corporation (1994) “Chinese Medicine Re- sources Aspirations”（《中国中药资源志要》）. Science Publishing House 2069.
- “Chinese Ethnic Medicines Records”（《中国民族药志要》）. China Medi- cal Science and Technology Publishing House, 857.
- Cheng Peng (2013) “Genuine Materia Medica of China”（《中华道地药材》）. China Traditional Chinese Medicine Publishing House, 4640.
- Hubiao Chen, Quan Yang (2013) “Identification Maps of Wild Plants of Chi- nese Medicines”. Fu Jian Science and Technology Publishing House, 444.
- Tony Foster (2008) “Plant Heritage New Zealand”. Bushman friend Ltd, 208.
- 2010 “Common Weeds of New Zealand”.NZ Plant Protection Society
- Terrence Lindsey, Rod Morris (2000) “The Collins Field Guide to New Zealand Wildlife”. HarperCollins - NZ, 376.
- Wendy A, Nelson (2013) “New Zealand Seaweeds”. Te Papa Press, 328.
Citation: Jiang JY, Peng C, Pei J, Wu Q (2017) Primary Research on the Medicinal Properties of Natural Chinese Medicines in New Zealand. J Acupun Tradit Med 1: 002.
Copyright: © 2017 Jiang JY, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
